See counteradaptation on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_links": [
[
"*ḱe",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱe#Proto-Indo-European:_here"
],
[
"*ḱóm",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱóm#Proto-Indo-European:_beside"
],
[
"*kom",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/kom#Proto-Italic:_with"
],
[
"*kom-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/kom-"
],
[
"*-teros",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-teros"
],
[
"*-teros",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/-teros"
],
[
"*komteros",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/komteros"
],
[
"contrā",
"contra#Latin"
],
[
"contre-",
"contre-#Old_French"
],
[
"countre-",
"countre-#Old_French"
],
[
"counter-",
"counter-#Middle_English"
],
[
"counter-",
"counter-#English"
],
[
"*h₂éd",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂éd#Proto-Indo-European:_at"
],
[
"*ad",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/ad#Proto-Italic:_to"
],
[
"*ad-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/ad-#Proto-Italic:_to"
],
[
"ad-",
"ad-#Latin"
],
[
"*h₂ep-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂ep-#Proto-Indo-European:_join"
],
[
"*-tós",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-tós"
],
[
"*aptos",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/aptos"
],
[
"aptus",
"aptus#Latin"
],
[
"*-h₂",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-h₂#Proto-Indo-European:_collective_nouns"
],
[
"*-éh₂",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-éh₂#Proto-Indo-European:_collective_nouns"
],
[
"*-yéti",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-yéti#Proto-Indo-European:_intransitive_verbs"
],
[
"*-eh₂yéti",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-eh₂yéti#Proto-Indo-European:_suf"
],
[
"*-h₂ti",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-h₂ti"
],
[
"*-āō",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/-āō#Proto-Italic:_suf"
],
[
"-ō",
"-o#Latin:_denominative"
],
[
"*apjō",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/apjō"
],
[
"apiō",
"apio#Latin:_fasten"
],
[
"*-tós",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-tós#Proto-Indo-European:_verbal_adjectives"
],
[
"*-tos",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/-tos#Proto-Italic:_verbal_adjectives"
],
[
"-tus",
"-tus#Latin:_past_participle"
],
[
"-ō",
"-o#Latin:_denominative"
],
[
"-tō",
"-to#Latin:_frequentative"
],
[
"aptō",
"apto#Latin"
],
[
"adaptō",
"adapto#Latin"
],
[
"*-tis",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-tis"
],
[
"*-Hō",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-Hō"
],
[
"*-tiō",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/-tiō"
],
[
"-tiō",
"-tio#Latin"
],
[
"adaptātiō",
"adaptatio#Latin"
],
[
"adaptation",
"adaptation#French"
],
[
"adaptation",
"adaptation#English"
],
[
"counter-",
"counter-#English"
],
[
"adaptation",
"adaptation#English"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":af",
"3": "counter-",
"4": "adaptation",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *ḱe?\nProto-Indo-European *ḱóm\nProto-Italic *kom\nProto-Italic *kom-\nProto-Indo-European *-teros\nProto-Italic *-teros\nProto-Italic *komterosder.\nProto-Italic *komterād\nLatin contrāder.\nOld French contre-\nAnglo-Norman countre-bor.\nMiddle English counter-\nEnglish counter-\nProto-Indo-European *h₂éd\nProto-Italic *ad\nProto-Italic *ad-\nLatin ad-\nProto-Indo-European *h₂ep-\nProto-Indo-European *-tós\nProto-Indo-European *h₂ptós\nProto-Italic *aptos\nLatin aptus\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂tiinflu.\nProto-Italic *-ājō\nProto-Italic *-āō\nLatin -ō\nProto-Indo-European [Term?]der.\nProto-Italic *apjō\nLatin apiō\nProto-Indo-European *-tós\nProto-Italic *-tos\nLatin -tus\n▲\nLatin -ō\nLatin -tō\nLatin aptō\nLatin adaptō\nProto-Indo-European *-tis\nProto-Indo-European *-Hō\nProto-Indo-European *-tiHō\nProto-Italic *-tiō\nLatin -tiō\nMedieval Latin adaptātiōbor.\nFrench adaptationbor.\nEnglish adaptation\nEnglish counteradaptation\n[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*komterād\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"with\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"beside\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"id\" : \"here\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*ḱe\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*ḱóm\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*kom\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*kom-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-teros\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-teros\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*komteros\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"contrā\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"contre-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Anglo-Norman\", \"term\" : \"countre-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"xno\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"counter-\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"counter-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"to fit, adjust, modify; to adapt, fit or adjust to\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"to, towards, at\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"to\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"to\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"at\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*h₂éd\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*ad\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*ad-\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"ad-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"gloss\" : \"adjust, adapt; prepare\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*h₂ptós\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"join\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*h₂ep-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-tós\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*aptos\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"aptus\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"id\" : \"denominative\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"suf\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*-ājō\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"suf\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"collective nouns\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"collective nouns\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-h₂\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-éh₂\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"intransitive verbs\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-yéti\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-eh₂yéti\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" }, { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"influ.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Influenced by\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-h₂ti\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"influence\" } ], \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-āō\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ō\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" }, { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"fasten\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*apjō\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"apiō\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"id\" : \"frequentative\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"past participle\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"verbal adjectives\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"is_duplicate\" : true, \"children\" : [ ], \"id\" : \"verbal adjectives\", \"status\" : { \"1\" : \"ine-pro\", \"id\" : \"verbal adjectives\", \"pos\" : \"suffix\" }, \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-tós\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-tos\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-tus\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"is_duplicate\" : true, \"children\" : [ ], \"id\" : \"denominative\", \"status\" : { \"1\" : \"la\", \"2\" : \":inh\", \"3\" : \"itc-pro:*-āō<id:suf>\", \"id\" : \"denominative\", \"pos\" : \"suffix\" }, \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ō\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-tō\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"aptō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"adaptō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*-tiHō\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-tis\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-Hō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-tiō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-tiō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Medieval Latin\", \"term\" : \"adaptātiō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la-med\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"French\", \"term\" : \"adaptation\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fr\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"adaptation\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"counteradaptation\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"counteradaptation\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "counter",
"3": "adaptation"
},
"expansion": "counter- + adaptation",
"name": "prefix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *ḱe?\nProto-Indo-European *ḱóm\nProto-Italic *kom\nProto-Italic *kom-\nProto-Indo-European *-teros\nProto-Italic *-teros\nProto-Italic *komterosder.\nProto-Italic *komterād\nLatin contrāder.\nOld French contre-\nAnglo-Norman countre-bor.\nMiddle English counter-\nEnglish counter-\nProto-Indo-European *h₂éd\nProto-Italic *ad\nProto-Italic *ad-\nLatin ad-\nProto-Indo-European *h₂ep-\nProto-Indo-European *-tós\nProto-Indo-European *h₂ptós\nProto-Italic *aptos\nLatin aptus\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂tiinflu.\nProto-Italic *-ājō\nProto-Italic *-āō\nLatin -ō\nProto-Indo-European [Term?]der.\nProto-Italic *apjō\nLatin apiō\nProto-Indo-European *-tós\nProto-Italic *-tos\nLatin -tus\n▲\nLatin -ō\nLatin -tō\nLatin aptō\nLatin adaptō\nProto-Indo-European *-tis\nProto-Indo-European *-Hō\nProto-Indo-European *-tiHō\nProto-Italic *-tiō\nLatin -tiō\nMedieval Latin adaptātiōbor.\nFrench adaptationbor.\nEnglish adaptation\nEnglish counteradaptation\nFrom counter- + adaptation.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "counteradaptations",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "counter-adaptation",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "counteradaptation (countable and uncountable, plural counteradaptations)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "counteradapt"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "counteradaptive"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Pharmacology",
"orig": "en:Pharmacology",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "28 35 37",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "34 32 34",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms prefixed with counter-",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "30 38 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 35 33",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
126,
143
]
],
"ref": "1997, Alcohol Health and Research World- Volume 21:",
"text": "Repeated AOD exposure also can lead to adaptations in the reward circuitry that oppose and neutralize a drug's effects (i.e., counteradaptation).",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
17
]
],
"ref": "2010, Marie A. Chisholm-Burns, Terry L. Schwinghammer, Barbara G. Wells, Pharmacotherapy Principles and Practice, page 610:",
"text": "Counteradaptation postulates that the initial positive rewarding feelings are followed by the opposing development of tolerance.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
45,
62
]
],
"ref": "2011, William R. Miller, Kathleen M. Carroll, Rethinking Substance Abuse:",
"text": "The conceptual framework of opponent process counteradaptation involves an initial a-process (positive hedonic effect; \"light side\") occurring shortly after presentation of the reinforcer followed by a b-process (negative hedonic effect; \"dark side\") appearing after the a-process has terminated.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
18,
35
]
],
"ref": "2013, John E. Niederhuber, James O. Armitage, James H Doroshow, Abeloff's Clinical Oncology, page 363:",
"text": "Sensitization and counteradaptation are two of the major neuroadaptive models that have been proposed to explain how changes that start in the reward pathway may result in the development of substance dependence.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"adaptation that counters a change to an organism's environment",
"The development of tolerance; the adaptation of the body's homeostatic mechanisms to counteract a drug effect."
],
"id": "en-counteradaptation-en-noun-LvvrSgsl",
"links": [
[
"adaptation",
"adaptation"
],
[
"change",
"change"
],
[
"environment",
"environment"
],
[
"pharmacology",
"pharmacology"
],
[
"tolerance",
"tolerance"
],
[
"homeostatic",
"homeostatic"
],
[
"mechanism",
"mechanism"
],
[
"counteract",
"counteract"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"adaptation that counters a change to an organism's environment",
"(pharmacology) The development of tolerance; the adaptation of the body's homeostatic mechanisms to counteract a drug effect."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"pharmacology",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Biology",
"orig": "en:Biology",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "28 35 37",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "34 32 34",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms prefixed with counter-",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "30 38 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 35 33",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "30 39 31",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "27 41 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "25 42 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
81,
98
]
],
"ref": "1980, Fowden G. Maxwell, Peter Randolph Jennings, Breeding Plants Resistant to Insects, page 132:",
"text": "Thus the plant's allomonic adaptation has been exactly reversed by this insect's counteradaptation.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
117,
134
]
],
"ref": "1999, George W. Cox, Alien Species in North America and Hawaii, page 266:",
"text": "As time goes on, the invading species may become increasingly specialized, and some of its populations eliminated by counteradaptation and changing habitat conditions.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
169,
186
]
],
"ref": "2013, Anne Campbell, A Mind Of Her Own: The evolutionary psychology of women:",
"text": "When the descendants of the initial population of females were returned to them, the females began to die from the effects of sex. The males' sperm, unopposed by female counteradaptation, had become more and more toxic.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"adaptation that counters a change to an organism's environment",
"The evolutionary adaptation of one species to adaptive changes by another."
],
"id": "en-counteradaptation-en-noun-Upt3VveC",
"links": [
[
"adaptation",
"adaptation"
],
[
"change",
"change"
],
[
"environment",
"environment"
],
[
"biology",
"biology"
],
[
"evolutionary",
"evolutionary"
],
[
"species",
"species"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"adaptation that counters a change to an organism's environment",
"(biology) The evolutionary adaptation of one species to adaptive changes by another."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"natural-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "en",
"name": "Psychology",
"orig": "en:Psychology",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "30 28 42",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "26 24 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "28 35 37",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "34 32 34",
"kind": "other",
"name": "English terms prefixed with counter-",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "30 38 32",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 35 33",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
89,
106
]
],
"ref": "1972, S.M. Luria, Christine L. McKay, Steven H. Ferris, Handedness and Adaptation to Distortions of Size and Distance Under Water, page 1:",
"text": "Several investigators haye found little or no adaptation to size, and the phenonmenon of counteradaptation has been offered as an alternative to the explanation that adaptation to a purely visual phenomenon (such as size) occurs through a different process than does adaptation to hand-eye coordination (as adaptation to distance is often measured).",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
13,
30
]
],
"ref": "1985, Jo Ann S. Kinney, Human underwater vision: physiology and physics, page 104:",
"text": "Evidence for counteradaptation has been found in several studies; subjects who adapt to, say size, show relatively more distortion of distance, and vice versa (Ross and Lennie 1972; Franklin et al. 1970; Luria et al. 1973).",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
276,
293
]
],
"ref": "2013 -, Maurice Hershenson, The Moon illusion, page 188:",
"text": "Franklin, Ross, and Weltman (1970) found that, after divers viewed objects for a 20-min period through a facemask under water that made them appear larger and closer, their mean size and distance estimates frequently revealed an adaptive shift to one dimension accompanied by counteradaptation to the other.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"adaptation that counters a change to an organism's environment",
"The distortion of one sensory modality that accompanies adaptation to alterations in a perceptual cues from a related modality."
],
"id": "en-counteradaptation-en-noun-qPvifspy",
"links": [
[
"adaptation",
"adaptation"
],
[
"change",
"change"
],
[
"environment",
"environment"
],
[
"psychology",
"psychology"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"adaptation that counters a change to an organism's environment",
"(psychology) The distortion of one sensory modality that accompanies adaptation to alterations in a perceptual cues from a related modality."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"psychology",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"word": "counteradaptation"
}
{
"categories": [
"English 6-syllable words",
"English countable nouns",
"English entries with etymology trees",
"English entries with etymon",
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English lemmas",
"English nouns",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *h₂ep- (join)",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *h₂éd",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *ḱe",
"English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *ḱóm",
"English terms prefixed with counter-",
"English uncountable nouns",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"Pages with etymon"
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*ḱe",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱe#Proto-Indo-European:_here"
],
[
"*ḱóm",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱóm#Proto-Indo-European:_beside"
],
[
"*kom",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/kom#Proto-Italic:_with"
],
[
"*kom-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/kom-"
],
[
"*-teros",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-teros"
],
[
"*-teros",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/-teros"
],
[
"*komteros",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/komteros"
],
[
"contrā",
"contra#Latin"
],
[
"contre-",
"contre-#Old_French"
],
[
"countre-",
"countre-#Old_French"
],
[
"counter-",
"counter-#Middle_English"
],
[
"counter-",
"counter-#English"
],
[
"*h₂éd",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂éd#Proto-Indo-European:_at"
],
[
"*ad",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/ad#Proto-Italic:_to"
],
[
"*ad-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/ad-#Proto-Italic:_to"
],
[
"ad-",
"ad-#Latin"
],
[
"*h₂ep-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₂ep-#Proto-Indo-European:_join"
],
[
"*-tós",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-tós"
],
[
"*aptos",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/aptos"
],
[
"aptus",
"aptus#Latin"
],
[
"*-h₂",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-h₂#Proto-Indo-European:_collective_nouns"
],
[
"*-éh₂",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-éh₂#Proto-Indo-European:_collective_nouns"
],
[
"*-yéti",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-yéti#Proto-Indo-European:_intransitive_verbs"
],
[
"*-eh₂yéti",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-eh₂yéti#Proto-Indo-European:_suf"
],
[
"*-h₂ti",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-h₂ti"
],
[
"*-āō",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/-āō#Proto-Italic:_suf"
],
[
"-ō",
"-o#Latin:_denominative"
],
[
"*apjō",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/apjō"
],
[
"apiō",
"apio#Latin:_fasten"
],
[
"*-tós",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-tós#Proto-Indo-European:_verbal_adjectives"
],
[
"*-tos",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/-tos#Proto-Italic:_verbal_adjectives"
],
[
"-tus",
"-tus#Latin:_past_participle"
],
[
"-ō",
"-o#Latin:_denominative"
],
[
"-tō",
"-to#Latin:_frequentative"
],
[
"aptō",
"apto#Latin"
],
[
"adaptō",
"adapto#Latin"
],
[
"*-tis",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-tis"
],
[
"*-Hō",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-Hō"
],
[
"*-tiō",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/-tiō"
],
[
"-tiō",
"-tio#Latin"
],
[
"adaptātiō",
"adaptatio#Latin"
],
[
"adaptation",
"adaptation#French"
],
[
"adaptation",
"adaptation#English"
],
[
"counter-",
"counter-#English"
],
[
"adaptation",
"adaptation#English"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": ":af",
"3": "counter-",
"4": "adaptation",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *ḱe?\nProto-Indo-European *ḱóm\nProto-Italic *kom\nProto-Italic *kom-\nProto-Indo-European *-teros\nProto-Italic *-teros\nProto-Italic *komterosder.\nProto-Italic *komterād\nLatin contrāder.\nOld French contre-\nAnglo-Norman countre-bor.\nMiddle English counter-\nEnglish counter-\nProto-Indo-European *h₂éd\nProto-Italic *ad\nProto-Italic *ad-\nLatin ad-\nProto-Indo-European *h₂ep-\nProto-Indo-European *-tós\nProto-Indo-European *h₂ptós\nProto-Italic *aptos\nLatin aptus\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂tiinflu.\nProto-Italic *-ājō\nProto-Italic *-āō\nLatin -ō\nProto-Indo-European [Term?]der.\nProto-Italic *apjō\nLatin apiō\nProto-Indo-European *-tós\nProto-Italic *-tos\nLatin -tus\n▲\nLatin -ō\nLatin -tō\nLatin aptō\nLatin adaptō\nProto-Indo-European *-tis\nProto-Indo-European *-Hō\nProto-Indo-European *-tiHō\nProto-Italic *-tiō\nLatin -tiō\nMedieval Latin adaptātiōbor.\nFrench adaptationbor.\nEnglish adaptation\nEnglish counteradaptation\n[Appendix:Glossary#loanword|Borrowed]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*komterād\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"with\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"beside\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"is_uncertain\" : true, \"id\" : \"here\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*ḱe\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*ḱóm\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*kom\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*kom-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-teros\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-teros\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*komteros\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"contrā\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old French\", \"term\" : \"contre-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Anglo-Norman\", \"term\" : \"countre-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"xno\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"counter-\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"counter-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"to fit, adjust, modify; to adapt, fit or adjust to\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"to, towards, at\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"to\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"to\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"at\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*h₂éd\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*ad\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*ad-\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"ad-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"gloss\" : \"adjust, adapt; prepare\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*h₂ptós\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"join\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*h₂ep-\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-tós\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*aptos\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"aptus\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"id\" : \"denominative\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"suf\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*-ājō\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"suf\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"collective nouns\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"collective nouns\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-h₂\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-éh₂\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"intransitive verbs\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-yéti\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-eh₂yéti\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" }, { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"influ.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Influenced by\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-h₂ti\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"influence\" } ], \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-āō\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ō\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" }, { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"fasten\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"der.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Derived from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*apjō\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"apiō\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"id\" : \"frequentative\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"past participle\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"verbal adjectives\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"is_duplicate\" : true, \"children\" : [ ], \"id\" : \"verbal adjectives\", \"status\" : { \"1\" : \"ine-pro\", \"id\" : \"verbal adjectives\", \"pos\" : \"suffix\" }, \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-tós\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-tos\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-tus\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"is_duplicate\" : true, \"children\" : [ ], \"id\" : \"denominative\", \"status\" : { \"1\" : \"la\", \"2\" : \":inh\", \"3\" : \"itc-pro:*-āō<id:suf>\", \"id\" : \"denominative\", \"pos\" : \"suffix\" }, \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-ō\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-tō\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"aptō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"adaptō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"alt\" : \"*-tiHō\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-tis\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-Hō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*-tiō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-tiō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Medieval Latin\", \"term\" : \"adaptātiō\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la-med\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"French\", \"term\" : \"adaptation\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"fr\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"adaptation\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"English\", \"term\" : \"counteradaptation\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"en\" }\" data-lang=\"en\" data-title=\"counteradaptation\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "counter",
"3": "adaptation"
},
"expansion": "counter- + adaptation",
"name": "prefix"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *ḱe?\nProto-Indo-European *ḱóm\nProto-Italic *kom\nProto-Italic *kom-\nProto-Indo-European *-teros\nProto-Italic *-teros\nProto-Italic *komterosder.\nProto-Italic *komterād\nLatin contrāder.\nOld French contre-\nAnglo-Norman countre-bor.\nMiddle English counter-\nEnglish counter-\nProto-Indo-European *h₂éd\nProto-Italic *ad\nProto-Italic *ad-\nLatin ad-\nProto-Indo-European *h₂ep-\nProto-Indo-European *-tós\nProto-Indo-European *h₂ptós\nProto-Italic *aptos\nLatin aptus\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-eh₂yéti\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂tiinflu.\nProto-Italic *-ājō\nProto-Italic *-āō\nLatin -ō\nProto-Indo-European [Term?]der.\nProto-Italic *apjō\nLatin apiō\nProto-Indo-European *-tós\nProto-Italic *-tos\nLatin -tus\n▲\nLatin -ō\nLatin -tō\nLatin aptō\nLatin adaptō\nProto-Indo-European *-tis\nProto-Indo-European *-Hō\nProto-Indo-European *-tiHō\nProto-Italic *-tiō\nLatin -tiō\nMedieval Latin adaptātiōbor.\nFrench adaptationbor.\nEnglish adaptation\nEnglish counteradaptation\nFrom counter- + adaptation.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "counteradaptations",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "counter-adaptation",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "~"
},
"expansion": "counteradaptation (countable and uncountable, plural counteradaptations)",
"name": "en-noun"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "counteradapt"
},
{
"word": "counteradaptive"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Pharmacology"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
126,
143
]
],
"ref": "1997, Alcohol Health and Research World- Volume 21:",
"text": "Repeated AOD exposure also can lead to adaptations in the reward circuitry that oppose and neutralize a drug's effects (i.e., counteradaptation).",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
17
]
],
"ref": "2010, Marie A. Chisholm-Burns, Terry L. Schwinghammer, Barbara G. Wells, Pharmacotherapy Principles and Practice, page 610:",
"text": "Counteradaptation postulates that the initial positive rewarding feelings are followed by the opposing development of tolerance.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
45,
62
]
],
"ref": "2011, William R. Miller, Kathleen M. Carroll, Rethinking Substance Abuse:",
"text": "The conceptual framework of opponent process counteradaptation involves an initial a-process (positive hedonic effect; \"light side\") occurring shortly after presentation of the reinforcer followed by a b-process (negative hedonic effect; \"dark side\") appearing after the a-process has terminated.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
18,
35
]
],
"ref": "2013, John E. Niederhuber, James O. Armitage, James H Doroshow, Abeloff's Clinical Oncology, page 363:",
"text": "Sensitization and counteradaptation are two of the major neuroadaptive models that have been proposed to explain how changes that start in the reward pathway may result in the development of substance dependence.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"adaptation that counters a change to an organism's environment",
"The development of tolerance; the adaptation of the body's homeostatic mechanisms to counteract a drug effect."
],
"links": [
[
"adaptation",
"adaptation"
],
[
"change",
"change"
],
[
"environment",
"environment"
],
[
"pharmacology",
"pharmacology"
],
[
"tolerance",
"tolerance"
],
[
"homeostatic",
"homeostatic"
],
[
"mechanism",
"mechanism"
],
[
"counteract",
"counteract"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"adaptation that counters a change to an organism's environment",
"(pharmacology) The development of tolerance; the adaptation of the body's homeostatic mechanisms to counteract a drug effect."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"medicine",
"pharmacology",
"sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Biology"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
81,
98
]
],
"ref": "1980, Fowden G. Maxwell, Peter Randolph Jennings, Breeding Plants Resistant to Insects, page 132:",
"text": "Thus the plant's allomonic adaptation has been exactly reversed by this insect's counteradaptation.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
117,
134
]
],
"ref": "1999, George W. Cox, Alien Species in North America and Hawaii, page 266:",
"text": "As time goes on, the invading species may become increasingly specialized, and some of its populations eliminated by counteradaptation and changing habitat conditions.",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
169,
186
]
],
"ref": "2013, Anne Campbell, A Mind Of Her Own: The evolutionary psychology of women:",
"text": "When the descendants of the initial population of females were returned to them, the females began to die from the effects of sex. The males' sperm, unopposed by female counteradaptation, had become more and more toxic.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"adaptation that counters a change to an organism's environment",
"The evolutionary adaptation of one species to adaptive changes by another."
],
"links": [
[
"adaptation",
"adaptation"
],
[
"change",
"change"
],
[
"environment",
"environment"
],
[
"biology",
"biology"
],
[
"evolutionary",
"evolutionary"
],
[
"species",
"species"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"adaptation that counters a change to an organism's environment",
"(biology) The evolutionary adaptation of one species to adaptive changes by another."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"biology",
"natural-sciences"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"English terms with quotations",
"en:Psychology"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
89,
106
]
],
"ref": "1972, S.M. Luria, Christine L. McKay, Steven H. Ferris, Handedness and Adaptation to Distortions of Size and Distance Under Water, page 1:",
"text": "Several investigators haye found little or no adaptation to size, and the phenonmenon of counteradaptation has been offered as an alternative to the explanation that adaptation to a purely visual phenomenon (such as size) occurs through a different process than does adaptation to hand-eye coordination (as adaptation to distance is often measured).",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
13,
30
]
],
"ref": "1985, Jo Ann S. Kinney, Human underwater vision: physiology and physics, page 104:",
"text": "Evidence for counteradaptation has been found in several studies; subjects who adapt to, say size, show relatively more distortion of distance, and vice versa (Ross and Lennie 1972; Franklin et al. 1970; Luria et al. 1973).",
"type": "quotation"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
276,
293
]
],
"ref": "2013 -, Maurice Hershenson, The Moon illusion, page 188:",
"text": "Franklin, Ross, and Weltman (1970) found that, after divers viewed objects for a 20-min period through a facemask under water that made them appear larger and closer, their mean size and distance estimates frequently revealed an adaptive shift to one dimension accompanied by counteradaptation to the other.",
"type": "quotation"
}
],
"glosses": [
"adaptation that counters a change to an organism's environment",
"The distortion of one sensory modality that accompanies adaptation to alterations in a perceptual cues from a related modality."
],
"links": [
[
"adaptation",
"adaptation"
],
[
"change",
"change"
],
[
"environment",
"environment"
],
[
"psychology",
"psychology"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"adaptation that counters a change to an organism's environment",
"(psychology) The distortion of one sensory modality that accompanies adaptation to alterations in a perceptual cues from a related modality."
],
"tags": [
"countable",
"uncountable"
],
"topics": [
"human-sciences",
"psychology",
"sciences"
]
}
],
"word": "counteradaptation"
}
Download raw JSONL data for counteradaptation meaning in All languages combined (22.1kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-09-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (1a05e46 and e3d6d4e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.